Steel making : start to finish

To know the step by step of steel making started from iron making during raw material (iron ore, scrap) and casting process to process the raw material become molten and the end product is a slab, steel making starting from reheating. rolling, this step to process slab to flat product like hot rolled coil (HRC) or long product like billet.

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Privacy Policy for materialsreview.blogspot.com

If you require any more information or have any questions about our privacy policy, please feel free to contact us by email at triwahono290781@gmail.com.
At materialsreview.blogspot.com, the privacy of our visitors is of extreme importance to us. This privacy policy document outlines the types of personal information is received and collected by materialsreview.blogspot.com and how it is used.

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Top 25 hottest articles

Science Direct as the world's leading source for scientific, technical, and medical full text research. More than 2500 peer-reviewed journals.

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NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 - Petroleum and natural gas industries-Materials for use in H2S-containing environments in oil and gas production

NACE MR0175/ISO 15156 as international standard which in harmonizing between NACE (National Association for Corrosion Engineer) and ISO (the international organization for Standardization). These standard was prepared by Technical Committee ISO/TC 67, Materials, equipment and offshore structures for petroleum and natural gas industries.

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Duplex Stainless Steel

Duplex stainless steel mean that mixed micro structure of about equal portion of austenite and ferrite. Duplex are family of grade combining good corrosion resistance with high strength and easy fabrication.

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Open Access Journal

Once again I inform open access journal related to International Journal of Engineering, science and Metallurgy.

The aim of this journal is a refereed peer reviewed open access international journal with a key objective to provide the academic and industrial community a medium for presenting original cutting edge research.

Scope of this journal consist of :

Mechanical Engineering

Civil Engineering

Applied Biosciences

Other Engineering Fields

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How To Make Diamond

Did you know, how a diamond was made? detail what is diamond have explained in previous post "Diamond"
Now I want to share a video how a diamond was made.

As we know the element of diamond same as if a wood was burn become charcoal, but the diamond have receipt very hard process with high pressure and temperature become diamond.

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New material: the lightest material invented

Researcher from HRL Laboratories Limited liability Company , USA and Department of Mechanical and Aerospace Engineering, University of California, USA and Division of Engineering and Applied Sciences, California Institute of technology, Pasadena, USA have collaborated to invention the lightest material which called “ Ultralight Metallic Microlattices”.

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Open Access and Journal of Applied Polymer

The Journal of Applied Polymer science is the largest scientific publication in polymer science, over a million articles can download per year. However, even the Journal of Applied Polymer cannot reach everyone, especially in today’s interdisciplinary research environment. We appreciate that authors might want to make their articles accessible to as vast readership as possible.

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Capture First-Ever images of Atoms Moving In a Molecule

Vibration of two atoms in a molecule was recorded real time image using new ultrafast camera by researchers in Columbus-Ohio.

As mentioned in issue of the journal Nature, is the usage of energy of molecule’s own electron as a kind of “flash bulb” to illuminate the molecular motion.

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Open access journal publishing

Journal of Cheminformatics is an open access journal publishing original peer-reviewed research in all aspects of cheminformatics and molecular modelling.

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Developing of Composite Materials

Find out NASA and Industry developing composite material to change our world.

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Invention: Self-replicating materials

"While nature teems with organisms that readily reproduce, no one has yet succeeded in making an artificial material that can repeatedly copy itself," say Paul Chaikin and colleagues at New York University, US. They want to change all that using micrometre-scale particles that, when in solution, self-organise into units able to reproduce.

Their idea, described in a new patent application, is based on the fact that sequences of DNA can be designed to recognise and bond with each other. By carefully designing these sequences, it is possible to build structures from them - for example, microscopic relief maps of the Americas.

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Materials Engineering, Science, Processing and Design

Science-led or Design-led? Two approaches to materials teaching

Most things can be approached in more than one way. In teaching this is especially true. The way to teach a foreign language, for example, depends on the way the student wishes to use it—to read the literature, say, or to find accommodation, order meals and buy beer. So it is with the teaching of this subject.

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Physics of Magnetism and Magnetic Materials

The first accounts of magnetism date back to the ancient Greeks who also gave magnetism its name. It derives from Magnesia, a Greek town and province in Asia Minor, the etymological origin of the word “magnet” meaning “the stone from Magnesia.” This stone consisted of magnetite and it was known that a piece of iron would become magnetized when rubbed with it.

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The Future of Protective Coating

While the use of protective coatings is becoming more and more important to prevent the metal from degradation due to corrosion, there have been change drastically both paint and the protective coating industries. 

Environment become more extreme such as air pollution, hazardous waste disposal etc. followed by rate of corrosion also increase, existing protective coating need to be improved to protect the metal from extreme environment. 

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Cathodic Disbondment Testing

Cathodic Disbondment Testing is one of test method to evaluate the long-term performance of coating which protecting metal pipe going into underground pipelines.

Corrosion reaction which happened on metal surface under coating layer will cause the cathodic delamination which effect to destruction of adhesion between a coating and the coated surface.

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Lightest vs Strongest Materials

Incredible discovery have been found the lightest and the strongest material in the world, please enjoy the below video which give inspiration for developing others material.

The combination of both material properties (light and strength) is very useful especially for aerospace material.

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Free Access Journal

I found free access journal in many categorize such as agriculture, biology, coating etc. which you can enjoy as reference for you research, job,or you update knowledge.

You just search to : www.mdpi.com 

MDPI is a publiser of peer-reviewd, open access journal since its establishment in 1996

Please enjoyed.

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Concise Dictionary of Materials Science Structure and Characterization of Polycrystalline Materials

My experience during study for graduates and postgraduates, and consulting to industry convinced

me that one of the main problems in reading the specialized literature on materials science is a particular kind of language barrier. In fact, the number of terms in the specialized literature is four to five times greater than in the textbooks and other educational aids. However, there appears to be no reference source available to help overcome this difficulty. Another problem, especially for self-educated readers, is establishing interrelations between the phenomena the terms denote. The available reference handbooks, containing mostly the definitions, offer little in the way of help. This book is designed to solve both problems: it bridges the terminological gap between the textbooks and professional literature while also affording the reader a coherent idea of structure formation and evolution.

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Crack Tip Opening Displacement Testing (CTOD)

Test Objective

Charpy V-notch testing enables engineers to make judgments about risks of brittle fracture

occurring in steels but a CTOD test measures a material property- fracture toughness.

Fracture toughness data enables engineers to carry out fracture mechanics analyses such as:

• calculating the size of a crack that would initiate a brittle fracture under certain stress conditions at a particular temperature
•   the stress that would cause a certain sized crack to give a brittle fracture at  particular temperature

This data is essential for making an appropriate decision when a crack is discovered during inspection of equipment that is in-service.

Test Specimens

A CTOD specimen is prepared as a rectangular (or square) shaped bar cut transverse to the axis of the butt weld. A V-notch is machined at the center of the bar, which will be coincident with the test position - weld metal or HAZ.

A shallow saw cut is then put into the bottom of the notch and the specimen is then put into a machine that induces a cyclic bending load until a shallow fatigue crack initiates from the saw cut. The specimens are relatively large – typically having a cross section B x 2B and length ~10B (B = full thickness of the weld). The test piece details are shown in the schematic below.

Fig.1. Proportional rectangular cross section CTOD specimen

Test Method

CTOD specimens are usually tested at a temperature below ambient and the temperature of the specimen is controlled by immersion in a bath of liquid that has been cooled to the required test temperature. A load is applied to the specimen to bend cause bending and induce a concentrated stress at the tip of the crack and a clip gauge, attached to the specimen across the mouth of the machined notch, gives a reading of the increase in width of the mouth of the crack as the load is gradually increased. For each ‘test condition’ (position of notch and 

test temperature) it is usual practice to carry out three tests.

The schematics below illustrate the main features of the CTOD test. 

Fig.2. Typical test arrangement. The specimen can be easily immersed in a cooling bath

                              Fig.3. Position of CTOD specimen immediately prior to crack propagation

Fracture toughness is expressed as the distance that the crack tip opens without initiation of a brittle crack. The clip gauge enables a chart to be generated showing the increase in width of the crack mouth against applied load from which a CTOD value is calculated.

Acceptance Criteria

An application standard or Client may specify a minimum CTOD value that indicates ductile tearing. Alternatively, the test may be ‘for information’ so that a value can be used for an engineering critical assessment. A very tough steel weldment will allow the mouth of the crack to open widely by ductile tearing at the tip of the crack whereas a very brittle weldment will tend to fracture when the applied load is quite low and without any extension at the tip of the crack. CTOD values are expressed in millimetres - typical values might be << ~ 0.1mm = brittle behaviour; > ~1mm = very tough behaviour. 

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The Piping Material Selection Guide for Process System

The Piping Material Selection Guide for Process System, as the title states, is guide for the piping engineer who is faced with the challenge of choosing the correct piping materials of construction.

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Diamond

Natural history

The formation of natural diamond requires very specific conditions-exposure of carbon-bearing materials to high pressure, ranging approximately between 45 and 60 kilobars (4.5 and 6 GPa, but at a comparatively low temperature range between approximately 900–1300 °C. These conditions are met in two places on Earth; in the lithospheric mantle below relatively stable continental plates, and at the site of a meteorite strike. How the diamond process made can view in interesting video" How Make Diamond".

Diamonds are formed over a period of a billion or more years deep within earth’s crust – about 150km (90 miles) deep – and is pushed to the surface by volcanoes. Most diamonds are found in volcanic rock, called Kimberlite, or in the sea after having been carried away by rivers when they were pushed to the surface.

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Influence of The Substitution of Mn and Ti on Magnetic And Microwave Absorption Properties of Strontium Hexaferrite Material

M-type hexaferrite, with chemical formula of MeFe₁₂O₁₉ (Me = Ba, Sr and Pb) have been widely used as permanent magnet with great technical importance attracted an extensive attention for the last few decades. The increase in electromagnetic pollution due to the rapid development of gigahertz (GHz) electronic systems and telecommunications has resulted in a growing and intense interest in electromagnetic-absorber technology. Electromagnetic interference (EMI) can cause severe interruption of electronically controlled systems. It can cause device malfunctions, generate false images, increase clutter on radar and reduce performance because of system-to-system coupling. Recent developments in microwave absorber technology have resulted in materials that can effectively reduce the reflection of electromagnetic signals on the one hand, and have good physical performance and lower production cost on the other. There have been several reports regarding the use of ferrite materials for microwave absorbers. Spinel Mn-Zn type ferrite magnet is now widely used for application in microwave with lower frequencies (1-3 GHz). As compared to the usual spinel ferrites, the hexaferrites with planar magnetic anisotropy are of great interest for use as electromagnetic energy dissipation in the GHz range. Barium ferrite powders are ideal fillers for the development of electromagnetic attenuation materials at microwave, due to their low cost, low density, high stability, large electrical resistivity and high microwave magnetic loss. Whereas Garnet type is used for the applications in higher frequencies ( ~ 6 GHz) [6]. Even much higher frequencies absorber materials such as Radar employing hexagonal magnetic ferrites like SrFe₁₂O₁₉. Recently, several techniques have been developed to prepare intrinsic and doped hexagonal ferrites for recoding application and for microwave devices.

Latest research has been conducted by Tri Wahono and Azwar Manaf from Materials Science, Department of Mathematic and Natural Science, University of Indonesia, Indonesia. They are report on the relationship between magnetic properties and microstructure for SrO.6Fe_2-(x+y)Mn_xTi_yO₃ .

Strontium hexaferrite with nominal compositions SrO.6Fe_2–(x+y) MnxTiyO3 (x = 0, y =0; x = 0.4, y = 0.6; x = 0.5, y = 0.5; x = 0.6, y = 0.4) have been synthesized by solid state reaction (mechanical milling). The four component powders were SrCO₃, Fe₂O₃, MnCO₃, and TiO₂ mixed with High Energy Milling for 10 hours and sintered at 1050°C in the air at atmosphere pressure for 15 hour and furnace cooling. X-ray diffraction (XRD), scanning electron microscope (SEM), energy dispersive spectroscopy (EDS), vibrating sample magnetometer (VSM) and vector network analyzer were used to analyze its structure, electromagnetic and microwave absorption properties. The result showed that, phase identification by refinement results of XRD pattern confirmed single phase was obtained for Mn-Ti substituted SrO.6Fe₂O₃  with x = y and multiphase formed for x ¹ y. The microstructure analyses by SEM showed that the varied particle sizes of 2 ~ 5 mm. Evaluation on the magnetic characteristic indicated that coercivity decreased as the number of Mn²⁺ and Ti⁴⁺ ions increased but significant decrease in saturation magnetization obtained for Mn and Ti substitution with x ¹ y. Present investigation demonstrates that microwave absorber, reflection and transmission as well as reflection loss in the frequency range 7–16 GHz were derived. Absorption performance of Mn and Ti substituted strontium hexaferrite are also reported.

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Designing Superhard Materials

Designing Superhard Materials which predicted by Richard B. Kaner was possible to be developed . Ultrahard materials are used in many applications, from cutting and polishing tools to wear-resistant coatings. Diamond remain the hardest known material, despite years of synthetic and theoretical efforts to improve upon it. However, even diamond has limitations. It is not effective for cutting ferrous metals, including steel, because of a chemical reaction that produce iron carbide. Cubic boron nitride-the second hardest material, with a structure analogous to that of diamond-can be used to cut ferrous metals. However, it does not occur naturally and must be synthesized under conditions of extreme pressure and temperature, making it quite expensive. New super hard materials are thus not only of great scientific interest, but also could be very useful.

To design new super hard materials, we must understand what makes diamond special, In diamond, tetrahedrally bonded sp3 carbon atoms form a three-dimensional, covalent network of high symmetry. Other carbon based materials have shorter and stronger carbon bonds, but not in three dimensions. Example, the trigonal sp2 bonds in graphite form sheets with shorter and stronger carbon-carbon bonds. But only weak van der Walls interaction hold the sheets together, allowing layers of graphite to cleave readily. A three-dimensional network composed of short, strong bonds is thus critical for hardness.

In thinking about new ultra hard materials, It is useful to consider the types of structural change that a material can undergo under load. These changes can be divided into elastic (reversible) and plastic (irreversible) deformation.

A material is considered stiff if it is difficult to compress elastically. A material is considered hard if it resist plastic deformation.

The effort to design super hard material can be divided into two main approaches, first, light element, including boron, carbon, nitrogen, and/or oxygen, are combined to form short covalent bonds. Second, elements with very high densities of valence electrons are included to ensure that the materials resist being squeezed together.

Toward super hard materials. By combining metals with a high density of valence electron, such as osmium, iridium, or rhenium, with small, covalent bond-forming atoms such as boron, ultra-incompressible, hard material may be created. Mixed metals, as orthorhombic structure predicted for (Os,ir)B2, can act as barriers to the movement of dislocations. 

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Behind the Greatness of the Samurai

All people know the samurai sword which is very well known in the world due to the sharpness and strengthens.  The mark of samurai was traditionally a pair of finely crafted swords. Each blade was forged by a skilled swordsmith and often elaborately decorated to reflect the prowess of each individual warrior.

Material and preparation, the first step in producing a Japanese katana (lond sword) is the selection of the high-quality materials used to fabricated the blade. The steel consist of 99.99% pure electrolyte iron (denkai-tetsu), sponge/oxygen free iron (kangan-tetsu) , or the more popular tamahagane steel. The tamahagane is the traditional form of steel used I the fabrication of swords which produced in a simple smelter or tatara from charcoal and satetsu, the element iron found in strembeds which heated to temperature between 1200 and 1500^oC over period of three days. This process acts as a rudimentary refining process when the impurities within the base elements are removed in the form of slag. When cool, the tamahagane steel is then broken into usable pieces and sorted by quality and carbon content can range from 0.6 to 1.5%.

When the pieces of steel possess the proper amounts of carbon, the forging process can begin. The tamahagane  is reheated and hammered into roughly one-quarter inch plates. Forging process including forging of the Kawagane, forging of the Shingane. Next step is forming the steel stock, forming the blank, shape the balde, rough grinding and filing, creating the Hamon, hardening the edge,

In fact, behind the greatness of the samurai is material which used and the process of manufacturing of sword which shall consist of step by step followed to obtain the highest quality of the samurai.

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